Ck2 cultural retinues.
Cultural retinues are the same as any other retinues.
Ck2 cultural retinues With light skirmish you get the most troops per retinue point which your vassals and enemies consider when deciding to revolt or declare on you. So I fully agree it is completely game altering, no doubt. You can always try to mix them up. Suggestion: make cultural retinues based on your capital's culture rather than your own. 2) Download the mod and unzip it into your mod folder. An example of this would be the Massive Longbow Volley Tactic available for English and Welsh culture generals, it gives a massive 350% bonus to Archers and an additional +100% against The Irish cultural buildings are entitled "Gallowglass Training Ground", and are described as giving a bonus to heavy infantry defense. NP! I remember there being an analysis on retinue compositions on the ck2 wiki, some culture retinue were worth going 100% on if you could match commanders. Let me hear your answers. I think https: In CK2 battle, tactic is much stronger than anything else as its effect ranges +100~300% instead of 10~40%. However, tactics are king in CK2 and I don't think anyone has done a analysis of the retinues which factors in the availability of tactics. So, I searched a bit on the forum (first 9 points from @Rags17) and on the wikia and this is what I found about animal cultures:. 8. They're both in the Steamapps > Common > Crusader Kings II > Common folder (retinue subunits is an additional folder). I want to play as a nation with a very strong cultural military while the culture alone will be very strong too. Any setup that can fire the right tactic with relatively high frequency can overcome good commanders or stronger unit. Adds unique, and culture specific form of address and Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Each ruler can only have a retinue of a limited size, dependent on their retinue cap. Forum list Trending. Make sure to stay within that limit, as having fewer LC/Camels would add Shieldwall to the list (halving cavalry defense), while having more would replace Harass with the inferior Disorganized Harass. Unfortunately, knight retinues kinda suck. Dany in Meereen can get meereenese retinues. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Cultural retinues are the same as any other retinues. One thing to keep in mind though is that cities don't have a cultural building, so your retinue won't be able to benefit from one. Longbows are no longer as destructive as they used to be while spearmen are very, very strong. My ruler and dynasty is Greek but becoming Italian is a very viable option. Top. Rankis 2 for Counts, 3 for Dukes, 4 for Kings and 5 for See more Mar 4, 2025 Same note as above: include one generic shock retinue in your cultural heavy infantry flanks so they can shieldwall their way through skirmish phase. Be warned though that the test focused Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Horses get +10 opinion with nomads and +20 opinion with Mongols (as the comment says in the file - Mongols love their horses !), they also always start off as nomadic Cultural features [edit | edit source] Adds many new cultures, including a breakup of the Italian culture. I would still prefer camel cavalry, not just for flavor but because they're more reliable—they'll fight well even if they're outnumbered (which Light Skirmish definitely won't Crusader Kings II. And Light Cavalry is For min-maxing, the best retinue/cultural building combos are: Berber Cavalry with Iberian building for attack, full Hussar for Defense, full Andalusian for a balanced mix (if you For what retinues to get, the defense retinue is widely considered to be the best generic retinue, though for cultural retinues the Scottish Schiltron retinue and the Italian Pike For most cases, the special cultural untis are the best retinues. Different troop types take up differently-sized portions of the cap, with more powerful types (such as heavy cavalry) using more. The Irish cultural retinues are called "Gallowglass", and are said to be heavy infantry. The supremacy of Bear culture. 84 30 20 30 30 30 20 36 30 34 24 40 34 50 30 60 40 x2 Camelier Retinue Crossbowmen: 176 0. Edit: Damn I have ck3 on my mind, sorry. Cultural tactics can be quite powerful (as per @Andrew0Red's post) - but this depends on the general's culture, not your character's culture. Do bonuses for cultural retinues only apply to them or Paradox Forum. Forum list Crusader Kings II. Thread starter Tasu'Kaan; Start date Jan 24, 2022; So I have noticed that no culture seems to have cultural retinues, like Outremer camel retinue and huscarls etc. The retinue capis given by the formula: where: 1. The Himalayan Mountaineer for the Tibetan group is also excellent. Knowing how often CK2 battles are decided before the melee even starts, I guess I have to admit that light skirmish probably outdamages non-archer cultural retinues. 6 0. The buildings are there but there is no retinue for it, simply the generic 3 men at arms etc. Man for man, they're going to be stronger than other equivalent troops. A lot of stuff you do without LoR will no longer be needed. Most of the light cavalry cultural retinues are pretty good, probably better than pikemen but generally worse than generic archer/LI/HI comps except for the Arabian light calv retinue which is probably the second best retinue comp in the game after the English/Welsh Longbow comp. You can find the retinues list there : aftertheendfanfork\common\retinue_subunits\00_retinue_subunits. While you're there take a look at Light Skirmish and Defence retinues will give you the same units you already have, while being a good base for a pure retinue force. DR Cultural retinue are usually better then generic. CK2 with retinues is completely different than CK2 without retinues. Crusader Kings II. They don't count as levy but they count as part of your forces and the AI takes your retinue into account when calculating if they'll attack you (as raw numbers without taking the quality of troops into account). g. Share Add a Comment. Ideally you want your retinue on its own flank for the proper tactics to fire. In any case, having retinues is a really good idea. All these retinues are gained by having an Imperial culture and sometimes fulfilling a few other requirements. +20% Archers Defense +20% Pikemen Attack +20% Pikemen Defense +40% Paradox Forum. Since retinues dont count as part of your levy its a great way to increse you military might for a lagre or close war. 3 +20% Light Cavalry Offensive +20% Light Cavalry Morale Shieldwall Rostmann; Motowner; Chicagoan; Deitsch; The skirmish phase in general has been really toned down, which hit some previously "op" retinues extremely hard. Camel Cavalry has the same defence values as Light Cavalry, but double the attack values and increased morale. Thread starter Kamikaze Snark; Start date Apr 10, 2014; Jump to latest Follow Reply Menu We have updated our Community This worked well when I was playing as Ireland and had the Gallowglass cultural retinue, but I've recently started a campaign in the 867 start date as the Umayyad Note on retinues and cultural buildings: If you have shit cultural retinues you can just grab generic defensive retinues and do well, but cultural buildings give a bunch of one type of unit and boost a stat of all your units of that type by 60% Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Camel Riders The short version is basically Pikes/Defence retinues, or at least Heavy Infantry (especially if you have HI cultural buildings). Retinue Archers: 110 0. The other 10 times, its close enough you're still fine getting them. Each culture group has a unique retinue unit that only they can recruit. Adds cultural modifiers, every culture is no longer the same as the next one. All Discussions For what retinues to get, the defense retinue is widely considered to be the best generic retinue, though for cultural retinues the Scottish Schiltron retinue and the Italian Pike retinue are considered superior to defense retinues. Cavalry retinues, include light cavalry, heavy cavalry, camels. HOWEVER, I'm playing as a Norse merchant republic, which means I have HI cultural retinue, but my capital is a city, which means I don't have the cultural building in my capital and my retinue doesn't get the bonus it gives. Camels are the best retinue by miles. And if you are unsure or your cultural retinue is trash you can choose defense retinue from the common options. 2. Retinue cap is mostly extended by building dirt cheap level-1 Earthhill forts (each give +100 retinue cap). Please read through the new rules for the forum that are an integral part of Paradox Interactive’s User Agreement. In addition, each cultural retinue always has the unique effects outlined in the table below. Thread starter Parzival2211; Start date Feb 17, 2015; Jump to latest Follow Reply The pure light cavalry cultural retinues as well as the pure pike cultural retinues are exceptionally good. If you have a heavy infantry cultural retinue use it. Nomads also have access to overly powerful horde builds with pure light cavalry, pure heavy cavalry, and camel cavalry builds available. Cultural retinues automatically get a cultural building bonus (as long as a number 1-4 is entered in the cell) regardless of whether you pick its specific cultural building from the drop down list, but generic retinues will get the cultural building bonus only if you select the building from the drop down list. They just have a different composition of troops. Or even better, allow to hire a retinue if your character or your capital have the adequate culture (so Dany could train both meerenese and westerosi-style retinues). The greek cultural retinues aren 1066年的文化 文化（英文：Culture） 是省份或角色的族群、语言和传统的抽象表现。文化被分为多个文化组，而同文化组内的文化会认为彼此相比文化组外的文化更相近。 在游戏开始时，大多数国家的文化都是相对单一的，只有很少的国家包含多种文化，几乎没有国家包含多种文化组。 Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. So you can actually get by reasonably, if Scottish or Italian culture, using a mix of pikes plus archers. This list is up to date as of the Holy Fury expansion: Well with cultural retinues it changes a bit. 9 60 30 0 0 60 30 0 0 60 30 0 0 70 40 0 0 x2 x2: Crossbow Captain Retinue Horse Archers: 270 1. Except those containing HA, HC (except outremer), A, LI (except tibet), and elephants. txt Fixed Sheban culture having access to Machetero retinue and cultural building Fixed Patagonian Welsh not having their corresponding cultural building (I might change their retinues) Fixed long standing vanilla bug of elephants base type being "heavy_cavalry", properly defined it as "knights"(something for the future if i plan to add an elephant Crusader Kings II - User Modifications. "My Documents/Paradox Interactive/Crusader Kings II/save games". Light Cav works well enough on a flank, and everything else starts getting worse from there. Those who insist on using their heavy infantry cultural retinues (Yes, I'm looking at you Vikings and Anglo-Saxons!) are going to get chewed to pieces by the AI, if it has any of the above retinue mixes. retinues and having stacks and stacks of pikemen. State Troops are not available to Sudenburger cultured rulers. It seems that currently Italian is the strongest because of pure pike retinues, good combination with county troops to even when mixed, and good relations with the pope, as well as having a strong de jure territory. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux With 2. CK2 Plus Mod. Holy fury came out after, adding cats, dogs, hedgehogs, etc, and granted them cultural bonuses These retinues gives combat bonuses and commanders of that culture usually have battle tactics that are especially good with those retinues. Engage in courtly Crusader Kings II. They get some additional bonuses compared to the generic units. Albeit in long run 4-5 pure pike retinues lets say mixed with x1 defensive retinue would be cheaper than mixing in mercs (and the result would be identical). Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter: The Reckoning Imperator: Rome Millennia Prison Architect Stellaris Surviving Mars Surviving the Aftermath Werewolf: the Apocalypse Vampire: The Masquerade Victoria 3. ) Going with your cultural retinue in this scenario is likely to only pay off if you support it by investing in the cultural building upgrades (which provide bonuses) and pair it Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Hi guys. Both defeat anything in both cost efficacy and numbers, but if you're willing to go with what's just fun, give the khazars a go due to their unique silk trade route upgrades (rhadanite merchant posts) which are a fun economy boost. My analysis suggests that a combination of Druzhina retinues with Yeah retinues not that important AI pretty dumb when it comes to combat. The cultural retinues were also more expensive than the generic ones, and oftentimes not worth building. Retinues have access to special cultural tactics (such as Welsh Longbowmen Volley) In cost, maintaining a 45K strong retinue only costs about 40 ducats a month, it's much cheaper than hiring mercenaries and it can discourage factions from ever firing Reply The Roman cultural building gives a bonus to Pike Attack/Defense that benefits both Defence and Praetorian Retinues, while commander traits like Brave and Inspiring Leader help ensure that the lower Morale of Heavy Infantry (vs. The optimal ratio is 1 Light Skirmish retinue for every 1451-1649 Light Cavalry/Camels (1:4-8 cultural retinues, depending on the type). Standard path on windows is: "My Documents/Paradox Interactive/Crusader cultural retinues get a +10% to all stats so Scottish Pikemen get 30% attack 30% defense 20% morale to how retinues used to be where your retinue cap is valuable and not just a huge waste of money this mod is made with Crusader Kings 2 version "3. There are many types of Retinues available for hire - including several unique cultural variants - though they always come in 500-man regiments (outdated, ranges from 150-200) with a commander of your own culture. As for which of these retinues is best it depends on whether your main concern is efficient use of your retinue cap and gold or whether you want to jam as much fighting power as possible into a certain supply limit. If you have cultural Light Infantry or cultural Pikemen those should be good too. Finally, because retinues are perpetually up, they can get a head start on slashing into your enemy's levies before they manage to assemble. All Discussions - Retinues have better troop composition than mercenaries which translates into better tactics and more combat power. To get it to fire, you require: Culture head [edit | edit source]. Given Nuyorican culture access to Gothamite retinue and cultural building New retinues added: Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Elephant is not good. A number of cultures are scripted to split or change - you can build enjoyable runs around retinues constant cost increased, 5 new feudal retinue types, 3 feudal retinue types upgradable with technological development of your capital province (check screenshot above); Upgrades affect: troops composition and combat bonuses (not all soldiers are equaly good at first), cultural retinues require fixed technology levels to be unlocked: - Human players can recruit all cultural retinues. Cultural Retinues (and their bonuses) you have built will still stay just as they were when you build them, so the above stategy outlines an optimal stategy for building x cultural retinues, switching culture, and adding y cultural retinues to your forces. Pikes) doesn't cause the flank to break before the extra numbers surviving a shorter Skirmish phase can show their worth. Cultural Retinues. Thread starter JordanD; Start date Dec 22, 2017; Jump to latest Follow Reply Menu At this point, horses had already existed as an easter egg as well without unique retinues or culture buildings. Or mix it with Cavalry or some cultural LC retinue There's also the fact that cultural retinues get the full bonus from the technology and cultural buildings of the capital. Otherwise if your culture has heavy infantry retinue it's pretty safe pick. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. Keep in mind though that retinues such as the light skirmish retinue are invaluable as well due to how the ai calculates your power. Usually the best option is to have 100% cultural retinue (the last one, 500 same type units). Each culture with at least one ruler has a Culture Head. The Tlinglit got better defense and some extra cash making with their cultural buildings, heavy inf as well. Shock or HI retinues, better with Norse or slavic cultures, Norse culture retinues offer 40% atk, Slavic offers 50% def. So by using iranian cultural retinues you are losing half its strength in skirmish. My general recommendation for retinues is to start out with 10 Light Skirmish (150 AR + 400 LI) and then star adding Defence (250 PI + 50 AR). Reply reply Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Id recommend asking around what the current meta is. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. New Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. See Combat and the 3 Culture Bonuses for an explanation of how cultural building bonuses can stack with retinue's unique effects, also known as the cultural retinue bonus. Menu. (- until it doesn't. They get the same 0. Practical test of standard retinues for 2. Thread starter Narvait; Start date Jan 5, 2019; Jump to latest Follow Reply Menu We have updated our Community Code of Conduct. Retinues also have a considerable upkeep every month, and that comes out of your own pockets unlike levies. Now, whether or not you want to field a large cavalry based army is up to you. Retinues are also dirt cheap when 100% reinforced (as long as they don't suffer heavy casualties). 8, the "maintenance" of pikemen was increased slightly, affecting their retinue cap usage and reinforcement cost, which makes most cultural heavy infantry retinues with fully upgraded cultural buildings in your capital as cost-effective or more so than the generic Defense retinue, provided that you mix them with one Shock retinue to get the 1% archers to Crusader Kings II. It's composed of a mix of light and heavy cavalry and has a cultural bonus when using those unit types. Toggle signature. Like in CK3, though, specialized cultural retinues are a cut above the generic ones — if you can get, say, camels or As far as cultural retinues go by far the best is anything involving Camel Cavalry. If you have a good or great cultural retinue you never need levies once you get the retinue to a certain size. The cultural Norse retinues do benefit from the +60% offence, so it might be to your benefit to use more of them. Remember to Trioxis's proposed combination of 1:1 Skirmish/Housecarl retinues should have similar tactics popping compared to the 2:3 Skirmish/Housecarl retinues I think, but haven't crunched the numbers. Tops the list for helpful posts in CK2 forums As to your retinue comp in the birrudo, its not great. I've done extensive testing (with the help of others) and posted results in this thread. Tribal Retinues Question. It's more or less the only way, outside of heavily upgraded Stables and Mercenaries, to reliably access Heavy Cavalry (the second best troop type in the game behind War Elephants), and they come with a sizable bonus of 200 light cavalry to boot, which is a So, I simply don't know the answer to this question and must bring it up here: Which culture has better retinues (accounting for culture-specific buildings as well), Greek or Italian? This is very relevant to me at the moment since I'm playing as the Republic of Amalfi. Objectively the strongest cultures in CK2 are scottish or italian due to their cultural tactics and pure pike retinues. You should have 1% Bowman at each flank. To be honest I'm not sure about retinues, I tend to use mostly the cultural retinue for RP reasons but other people seem to have strong opinions in the subject. and that makes people want to use them. That is assuming you don't have Crusader Kings II. Italian, Dalmatian and Scottish pikemen are excellent. Sort by: Best. Generally, I’d say a combo of pikemen and archers should work in almost any situation— it’s sort of an all-purpose retinue composition. In my current Nubia campaign (which I started as Hæsteinn by day1 declaring conquest of venice, then taking half of Krete, then slowly eating all the counties in de jure Nubia, and culture converting for the Nubian Longbow retinue as soon as I could) Nubian Longbows are cheaper maintenance than Welsh/English. Some cultures did not even have their own retinue or only had access to an overly broad retinue (ex. The rule of thumb for retinues is that your cultural retinue is better than generics As well as any interesting cultural retinues and buildings. - All retinues are free (cost no gold, have no upkeep) and will quickly reinforce to maximum size. you can just edit the file to make your cultural retinue exactly what you want it to be or edit the generic ones. Looking at the ck2 wiki, Croatian is part of the South Slavic culture group and has access to the "Gusar" retinue. 6 bonus to their stats. Retinues get special bonuses, and usually cultural have the best one. I know a few come to mind, the Haida have their heavy infantry retinues with their cultural building giving them better attack so that’s pretty good if you’re on the offensive. Having only one unit type lets you specialize your commander for it, they deal tons of damage as soon as they For CK2, light cav and defense are generally the best generic retinues. I would either go light skirmish, as light infantry cost the least retinue cap for inflated troop numbers to try to prevent factions from firing, or i would do 1 shock for every And the descriptions can be found there : steamapps\common\Crusader Kings III\game\localization\english\culture\cultural_maa_innovations_l_english. Playing as a Germanic Norse tribal, I generally choose the "hunting Crusader Kings II. And Norse culture commander have one special tactic. 400 pike from Italian give the same number Crusader Kings II. So, for example, the Byzantines have a Cultural Tactic that dovetails with their Cultural Retinue, the Embolon Charge Formation. Having a vassal merchant republic in Spain is an excellent idea. Indians have powerful War Elephants, the Romans have Cataphracts, Poles have Hussars and And any cultural retinues would obviously follow the same formula. Open comment sort options. the tier list continues below, but at this point we've hit generic Of cultural retinues, housecarls are very good. 1 (AZCE)" there is no guarantee that this mod will work with other versions of Crusader Kings Culture Composition Retinue cap usage Initial cost (gold) Monthly reinforcement cost Monthly upkeep Unique effect Caballero Mexicano group (Except Tejano, Norteño, Neomexicano, and Neoladino) 400 LC 1200 168 3. As in most ck2 military matters - weight of numbers matters. Last edited: Apr 19, 2018. Thread starter Coalsack; Start date Sep 13, 2018; Jump to latest Follow Reply Menu We have Druzhina: I believe this is the best Heavy Infantry cultural retinue, with Gallowglass being a close second. Thread starter Dragatus; Start date Apr 15, 2018; Jump to latest Follow Reply But of the cultural retinues Galllowglass was tested at 93% morale, Steel Bow was tested at 85% morale and Knight was tested at only 74% morale. The initial cost and upkeep switch to gold because the retinue choices, except for your cultural retinue choice, switch from tribal to generic when you switch to feudal. 35 45 20 40 30 45 20 40 30 45 20 40 30 45 20 40 30 x2 x2 Hi, I never ever know that Sardinian has cultural retinues: 200 pikes + 200 archers. Cultural retinues, cultural buildings and bonuses. Cultural retinues are sometimes better, but I can't be Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. 6 30 15 0 0 36 15 0 0 40 19 0 0 50 29 0 0 x2 None Archer Retinue Camel Riders: 170 0. Personal recommendations for best combination of troops and general strength as a culture are Egyptian (Camel Cavalry + Great Pyramid Great Works), Berber (Light Cavalry retinues, raiding, 10% ship cost), Hungarian (Light Cavalry retinues, raiding, Tribal Invasion CB), and especially Jurchen (mixed Light and Heavy Cavalry retinues, raiding Because of how tribal event troops have been changed into retinues, once you've passed the revocation law it's easy to go full North Korea mode then roll into a massive retinue army. keep in mind that your culture's retinue related castle The cultural retinues that said culture provide. The Culture Head is always the adult character who owns the most counties of said culture but if the Khans of the Steppe DLC is installed for some cultures the Culture Head is the character who has the most Herd unless a ruler without Nomadic government has greater military strength. Ideal (and Historically accurate) retinue composition. Relative unit strength and cultural unit bonus just compares pale against Feint tactic firing reliably. I want to do a Byzantine Empire to Roman empire run, and I want to convert to Roman culture for the cool Augustus title, but I also would like to keep the cataphract retinues because they look cool as fuck. That way e. yml. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Quite a lot has changed with combat in the latest patch, so a lot of information floating around online is strictly out of date. If your cultural retinue is heavy infantry, you can afford a decent number and you have a couple of levels on the cultural building in your capital, they become godly. You can choose different retinues and go for different tactics depending I am a bit confused about cultural retinues, cultural buildings and the bonuses they provide. This includes The Empire's State Troops, as well and Sudenburger retinues. Adds real cultural retinues, every culture has a retinue based on an appropriate real life military unit. In this case I found one. Because the whole combat system is quite opaque and as a personal challenge, I have been putting together a spreadsheet over the last few days that should provide the most comprehensive and accurate estimation of the value of different Crusader Kings II Wiki Active Wikis. In terms of sheer bang for your buck it's hard to look past the archer retinues. It's not meant to make retinues specifically cheaper, but to balance out the fact that light troops were overpowered compared to heavy troops. Light cavalry retinues work nicely too, just don't mix well with heavy infantry. 1. My CK2 Yeah typically your cultural retinue will be the best combat wise. 1. Heavy infantry is good. Cultural retinues are hands down 3) Extra Soldiers. Best. So, clearly building a Gallowglass Training Ground will improve my Gallowglass retinues. They Pikes beat all other infantry. How would I go about and keep Personally, I consider the Cavalry retinue to be the best (at least with regards to generic retinues). Retinue combinations for arabic culture. Scottish pikemen are a pike cultural retinue, so they’re better than the generic ones, and Italian commanders have a cultural tactic that improves pikemen effectiveness, so that’s generally a good choice. For example Byzantine culture have cataphract retinue -which is heavy cavalry retinue and Byzantine commanders have Embolon Charge tactics which goes well with it. It's probably worth taking a look at the CK2 wiki's retinue page to get a feel for how different retinue types stack up against each other.