Flink broadcastprocessfunction. what is the reason behind that? This is the code used.

This function can output zero or more elements using the Collector parameter, query the current processing/event time, and also query and update the State Persistence. seconds(window_duration)) . Oct 15, 2020 · Flink中的state是什么？ 首先flink从消息队列中读取到的每一条数据称之为事件，虽然很多操作中一次只查看一个单独的事件，但是有些操作会记录多个事件信息，这些操作称为有状态的操作。 Mar 9, 2024 · When developing Flink applications, understanding the differences between BroadcastProcessFunction and BroadcastVariables is crucial. 在非广播的一侧，即在BroadcastProcessFunction或KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction的processElement方法中只读。. 在很久之前的《Spark Streaming/Flink广播实现作业配置动态更新》一文中，笔者简单介绍了Flink Streaming API中广播流和广播状态的使用方法。前几天见到社区群内有童鞋询问与广播状态相关的事情，于是写一篇深入一点的文章 May 22, 2019 · I am using the broadcast pattern to connect two streams and read data from one to another. Broadcast State只有在广播的一侧,即在BroadcastProcessFunction或KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction的processBroadcastElement方法中可以修改。. @PublicEvolving public abstract class BaseBroadcastProcessFunction extends AbstractRichFunction. A context available to the non-broadcasted stream side of a BroadcastConnectedStream . A checkpoint marks a specific point in each of the input streams along with the corresponding state for each of the operators. Important Considerations. 注：广播变量存在于每个节点的内存中，所以 Finally, due to the fact that the KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction is operating on a keyed stream, it exposes some functionality which is not available to the BroadcastProcessFunction. Returns the current event-time watermark. CheckpointFunction. The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a 知乎专栏提供一个平台，让用户随心所欲地写作和自由表达观点。 Jul 16, 2020 · Flink广播流、广播状态原理简析 Prologue. 对processElement函数的每次调用都获得一个Context对象，该对象可以访问元素的Event time，Timestamp和TimerService Aug 8, 2022 · Flink documentation states these 4 aspects you must use in consideration when working with the broadcast state: With broadcast state, operator tasks do not communicate with each other — you I found a link in stackoverflow How to unit test BroadcastProcessFunction in flink when processElement depends on broadcasted data but this is confused me a lot. Jun 5, 2020 · How to use ListState for BroadcastProcessFunction in Flink. ReadOnlyContext extends Object. First of all, it seems You could use the standard KeyedCoProcess function to achieve what You are now doing with union. This can produce zero or more elements as output. That is: the ReadOnlyContext in the processElement() method gives access to Flink’s underlying timer service, which allows to register event and/or processing The following examples show how to use org. Context. 0开始支持广播状态 (Broadcast State)。. Stream B is a Combined stream of Stream C , Stream D, Stream E. Aug 29, 2023 · We’ll also discuss how Flink is uniquely suited to support a wide spectrum of use cases and helps teams uncover immediate insights in their data streams and react to events in real time. It is very similar to a RichFlatMapFunction, but with the addition of timers. The Broadcast State Pattern. Aug 16, 2021 · 3. It represents a parallel stream running in multiple stream partitions. The base class containing the functionality available to all broadcast process function. I noticed that all element A goes into one task slot even if I have already set the env parallelism to 4. Jun 8, 2020 · 0. Given how ugly that is, finding some other way to communicate the "go ahead" signal might be preferable. And also i want to change the behavior of the process function in the running time instead of stopping the cluster and re-deploy the jar file. Part 3: Your Guide to Flink SQL: An In-Depth Exploration. Direct Known Subclasses: BroadcastProcessFunction, KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction. myDataStream . Oct 19, 2021 · 1. functions. The code is in following: public class TransactionProcess extends BroadcastProcessFunction<String, String, String>{. BroadcastProcessFunction and KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction. Stream C, Stream D, Stream E streams Object In Flink, I have a keyed stream to which I am applying a Process Function. Mar 14, 2021 · Broadcast State是Map类型，即K-V类型。. Jul 24, 2020 · One is the main data stream and another 3 three are used for a broadcast stream. "windowCounters", createTypeInformation[Long]) Apr 28, 2020 · This is a design pattern for Flink applications, which lets us broadcast one stream of data to all nodes, while splitting another in the normal way. In this section you will learn about how to use broadcast state in practise. broadcast 可以动态实时更新配置，然后影响另一个数据流的处理逻辑。. Process Function # ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with Sep 9, 2021 · I wrote a custom source to poll my Rules API every few minutes, and then used a BroadcastProcessFunction, with the Rules added to to the broadcast state using processBroadcastElement and the events processed by processElement. getWindowAgreggator(), model. Broadcast state is always represented as MapState, the most versatile state primitive that Flink provides. Apart from the basic functionality of a context, this also allows to get a read-onlyIterable over the elements stored in the broadcast state. BroadcastStream. flink. In addition, it allows the registration of a function to be applied to all keyed state with a given StateDescriptor on the local partition. Note that this state must take the form of a map. Part 1: Stream Processing Simplified: An Inside Look at Flink for Kafka Users. Instead of a KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction you will use a KeyedCoProcessFunction. a stream with broadcast state, with a non-keyed DataStream . streaming. public abstract class BaseBroadcastProcessFunction. 例如，广播状态可以作为一种自然匹配出现，您 public abstract void processBroadcastElement(IN2 value, BroadcastProcessFunction. If you think that the function is general enough, please open a Jira issue for it with a detailed description. Any way i can only broadcast only once in Before method in test cases and keeping sending different kind of data to my broadcast function Dec 2, 2020 · TimerService is for KeyedStream. Broadcast state is a hash map. How about this instead: You could have something like a RichCoFlatMap (or KeyedCoProcessFunction, or BroadcastProcessFunction) that is aware of all of the currently active functions, and for each incoming event, emits n copies of it, each being enriched with info about a specific function to be performed. BroadcastProcessFunction is thread-safe. The solution is working, but with one problem. From the processBroadcastElement I get my model and I apply it on my event in processElement. Broadcast State 模式 # 你将在本节中了解到如何实际使用 broadcast state。 Dec 15, 2019 · We do the same thing if the last seen rule is temp. class LogProcWindowFunction extends ProcessWindowFunction[LogEvent, LogEvent, Tuple, TimeWindow] {. The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a Finally, due to the fact that the KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction is operating on a keyed stream, it exposes some functionality which is not available to the BroadcastProcessFunction. Therefore, it is recommended to test those classes that contain the main Jun 25, 2018 · 1. keyBy(1) . That is: the ReadOnlyContext in the processElement() method gives access to Flink’s underlying timer service, which allows to register event and/or processing Feb 13, 2019 · I implemented a flink stream with a BroadcastProcessFunction. Jun 26, 2019 · 1)Any documentation or small code snippet for exception handling i didn't find any thing in flink documentation site 2)Best practices for flink exception handling I didn't find any valid resources online if some one can answer it will be useful for further references to others also Aug 15, 2022 · I just want to my flink application as much as configurable. The biggest difference between those two implementations is that in the first you are storing the data received from the broadcast stream into variables that will be lost when the job fails, whereas in the second you are using broadcast state, which will be checkpointed and recovered. getWindowProcessor()); BroadcastProcessFunction, KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction @PublicEvolving public abstract class BaseBroadcastProcessFunction extends AbstractRichFunction The base class containing the functionality available to all broadcast process function. Context ctx, Collector<OUT> out) throws Exception This method is called for each element in the broadcast stream . keyBy((KeySelector<Action, Long>) action -> action. This section lists different ways of how they can be specified. This function can output zero or more elements using the Collector parameter, query the current processing/event time, and also query and update the Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with The ProcessFunction. The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) Finally, due to the fact that the KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction is operating on a keyed stream, it exposes some functionality which is not available to the BroadcastProcessFunction. The only way to either set or update broadcast state is in the processBroadcastElement method of a BroadcastProcessFunction or KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction. org Oct 4, 2017 · Here is my code implementing ProcessWindowFunction. 广播状态可以用来解决如下问题:一条流需要根据规则或配置处理数据，而规则或配置又是随时变化的。. That is: the ReadOnlyContext in the processElement() method gives access to Flink’s underlying timer service, which allows to register event and/or processing Apr 1, 2021 · 2. If a function that you need is not supported yet, you can implement a user-defined function. Method and Description. This page gives a brief overview of them. Scalar Functions # The Mar 10, 2021 · The difference is in the name really :) BroadcastProcessFunction allows You to broadcast one of the streams to all parallel operator instances, so If one of the streams contains generic data like a dictionary used for mapping then You can simply send it to all parallel operators using broadcast. A streaming dataflow can be resumed from a checkpoint while maintaining consistency (exactly-once processing Finally, due to the fact that the KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction is operating on a keyed stream, it exposes some functionality which is not available to the BroadcastProcessFunction. 0 Union of more than two streams in apache flink if it is non-keyed, the function is a BroadcastProcessFunction. I am trying to play with flink's broacast state with a simple case. Working with State describes operator state which upon restore is either evenly distributed among the Mar 7, 2024 · im using flink 1. This function can output zero or more elements using the Collector parameter, query the current processing/event time, and also query and update the ctx - A KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction. Testing User-Defined Functions # Usually, one can assume that Flink produces correct results outside of a user-defined function. The timestamp can either be the current system time of the source (ingress time) or it can be a timestamp that is extracted from the value (event time). 广播状态（Broadcast State）的引入是为了支持一些来自一个流的数据需要广播到所有下游任务的情况，它存储在本地，用于处理其他流上的所有传入元素。. We recommend you use the latest stable version. This function can output zero or more elements using the Collector parameter, query the current processing/event time, and also query and update the internal org. That is: the ReadOnlyContext in the processElement() method gives access to Flink’s underlying timer service, which allows to register event and/or processing Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with BroadcastProcessFunction, KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction @PublicEvolving public abstract class BaseBroadcastProcessFunction extends AbstractRichFunction The base class containing the functionality available to all broadcast process function. operators. So my first products Datastream contains different products that has a field brand and my second brands Datastream contains only brands that should be allowed . case class Broadcast extends BroadCastProcessFunction[MyObject,(String,Double), MyObject]{ override def processBroadcastElement(in2: (String, Double), context: BroadcastProcessFunction[MyObject, (String, Double), MyObject]#Context, collector:Collector[MyObject]):Unit={ context Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with Apache Flink Documentation # Apache Flink is a framework and distributed processing engine for stateful computations over unbounded and bounded data streams. It's a big one (All the 3 stream size is large). Stream B is a dataset of enrichment data. 下游Task根据Broadcast Process Function # ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. ProcessFunction. Flink has been designed to run in all common cluster environments, perform computations at in-memory speed and at any scale. 小结. If instead, you have two streams that you want to key partition into the same key space, so that you can join them on that key, you can do that. Broadcast State中 BroadcastProcessFunction 和 KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction; 重要注意事项; This documentation is for an out-of-date version of Apache Flink. Finally, due to the fact that the KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction is operating on a keyed stream, it exposes some functionality which is not available to the BroadcastProcessFunction. Therefore, when the state is relatively large, normal data processing will be blocked, and back pressure will also be generated. datastream. public abstract void processBroadcastElement(IN2 value, BroadcastProcessFunction. That looks something like this: We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. co Apr 12, 2021 · What you can do in processBroadcastElement is to access/modify/delete the keyed state for all keys, by using applyToKeyedState with a KeyedStateFunction. answered Sep 12, 2021 at 9:35. Aug 17, 2019 · Flink从1. The very definition of broadcast is that everything is sent to every downstream node. The data which is broadcast can then be stored in the operator's state. X value) Emits a record to the side output identified by the OutputTag. In this article, we discuss their functionalities, use cases, and performance implications. Flink implements fault tolerance using a combination of stream replay and checkpointing. Given that our non-broadcasted stream is keyed, the following snippet includes the above calls: The connect should be called on the non-broadcasted stream, with the BroadcastStream as an argument. apache. I think it should be possible to put a BroadcastProcessFunction (not a keyed one) in front of an async i/o operator, but you'd have to union in the other stream (s) you are processing, since async i/o only has a single input. The page in the Flink documentation on Handling Application Parameters has some related information. Process Function # ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with Using the timestamp of the records. Example # If you’ve done the hands-on Apr 23, 2019 · I used KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction and update the Map state from processBroadcastElement function but when I am trying to get the state from the processElement function to collect it. Timestamp of the element currently being processed or timestamp of a firing timer. Except I want the control signal stream to be broadcast to all the partitioned/parallel tasks of the generator. Context that allows querying the timestamp of the element, querying the current processing/event time and updating the broadcast state. You can vote up the ones you like or vote down the ones you don't like, and go to the original project or source file by following the links above each example. For every element in the input stream processElement (Object, Context, Collector) is invoked. Provided APIs. some times it outputs the requirement and some times outputs nothing. However, you must take care to behave deterministically across all parallel instances. connect方法跟BroadcastStream进行连接返回BroadcastConnectedStream；3是通过BroadcastConnectedStream. ProcessFunction是一个低阶的流处理操作，它可以访问流处理程序的基础构建模块：事件 Event，状态 State和定时器 Timers。. Working with State describes operator state which upon restore is either evenly distributed among the @PublicEvolving public abstract class BroadcastProcessFunction<IN1,IN2,OUT> extends BaseBroadcastProcessFunction A function to be applied to a BroadcastConnectedStream that connects BroadcastStream , i. Jun 26, 2019 · 1. 此时，就可将规则或配置作为广播流广播出去，并以Broadcast State的形式存储在下游Task中。. co. The behavior of my Broadcast is "weird", if I put too few elements in my input stream (like 10), nothing happen and my MapState is empty, but if I put more elements (like 100) I have the public abstract void processBroadcastElement(IN2 value, BroadcastProcessFunction. broadcast方法返回BroadcastStream；2是需要接受broadcast的stream通过DataStream. // Create a descriptor for ValueState. I don't find a way to unit test my stream as I don't find a solution to ensure the model is dispatched prior to the first event. In our case, this will be a map from the rule ID (a string) to the rule Oct 21, 2019 · 1. here is the main process function: Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with Best Java code snippets using org. This should be used for unbounded jobs that require continuous incremental The Broadcast State Pattern. Otherwise, after recovery or rescaling you could end up with inconsistencies. I juste want to multiply an integer stream by another integer into a broadcast stream. Implementations can also query the time and set timers through the provided KeyedProcessFunction. BroadcastState. createStream(SourceFunction) (previously addSource(SourceFunction) ). Feb 10, 2019 · Flink支持的第三种操作符状态是广播状态（Broadcast State）。. private final val valueStateWindowDesc = new ValueStateDescriptor[Long](. process(new FooBarProcessFunction()) My Key Selector looks something like this public class MyKeySelector implements KeySelector<FooBar, FooKey> public FooKey getKey (FooBar value) { return new FooKey (value); } Sep 8, 2022 · I'm using Apache Flink v1. Jun 1, 2020 · @DavidAnderson the problem here let say i got a data stream which is having a valid data let say i have 5 rules on which the input stream looped to validated and let say the rule for which the stream is going to satisfy the condition is at 5th place by the time i reach 5th place the loop will print its invalid signal as 4 times and push it to DeadLetterQueue(DLQ) but i want to do this only System (Built-in) Functions # Flink Table API & SQL provides users with a set of built-in functions for data transformations. There is some overhead for version two. 81. Nov 23, 2022 · I fear you'll get into trouble if you try this with a multi-threaded map/process function. A DataStream is created from the StreamExecutionEnvironment via env. Basic transformations on the data stream are record-at-a-time functions See full list on flink. 1 api on java 11 and im trying to use a BroadcastProcessFunction to filter a Products Datastream with a brand autorized Datastream as broadcast. private List<String> dailyTrnsList = new ArrayList<>(); private List<String> tempTrnsList = new ArrayList<>(); private final static int threshold = 100; private final Process Function # ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with ctx - A KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction. BroadcastProcessFunction. It won't really differ much but You can have separate classes for both streams so better type safety and better domain segregation in general. My first approach using a FlatMap would process the events almost instantly. common. 1. All you need to do is to adapt your application to stream in the rules from a streaming source, rather than reading them once from a file. . This is the basis for creating event-driven applications with Flink. process (Showing top 20 results out of 315) origin: apache/flink O - Type of the output elements. This documentation is for an out-of-date version of Apache Flink. The issue is this: each instance of your keyed broadcast function operator will be applying this function independently. api. Event-driven Applications # Process Functions # Introduction # A ProcessFunction combines event processing with timers and state, making it a powerful building block for stream processing applications. Uses of BroadcastProcessFunction in org. e. This method is called for each element in the org. You might think that you could somehow take advantage of the Configuration parameters parameter of the open() method, but this is a legacy holdover from the early days Sep 15, 2015 · The DataStream is the core structure Flink's data stream API. Stream A is the main stream, it flows continuously from Kafka. connect(usersBroadCasted) Testing # Testing is an integral part of every software development process as such Apache Flink comes with tooling to test your application code on multiple levels of the testing pyramid. May 17, 2021 · Nothing prevents you from employing whatever logic you desire in your KeyedStateFunction, but you could get yourself into trouble. Execution Mode (Batch/Streaming) # The DataStream API supports different runtime execution modes from which you can choose depending on the requirements of your use case and the characteristics of your job. When processBroadcastElement is called to load state, the processElement function will not be executed. Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with Aug 2, 2018 · As a first step, we key the action stream on the userId attribute. Try Flink # If you’re interested in playing around with Flink Apr 6, 2022 · I have one broadcast function in Flink that accepts two kinesis streams, one for the element A and one for broadcast element B. A keyed function that processes elements of a stream. keyBy(new MyKeySelector()) . 1 I have a keyed (partitioned) data stream that needs to generate some tuples of data and some control signals that need to be looped back to the generator. Dec 4, 2015 · Apache Flink is a stream processor with a very strong feature set, including a very flexible mechanism to build and evaluate windows over continuous data streams. In Flink, every element has a timestamp attached to it. timeWindow(Time. I would say there are two ways for achieving this: 1. what is the reason behind that? This is the code used. BroadcastConnectedStream. 5. When a value enters a streaming topology through a source, this source attaches a timestamp to the value. Flink provides pre-defined window operators for common uses cases as well as a toolbox that allows to define very custom windowing logic. The dummy key selector will direct all input to ONE task executor, which is an Apr 16, 2021 · 2. That is: the ReadOnlyContext in the processElement() method gives access to Flink’s underlying timer service, which allows to register event and/or processing This is a life-cycle method indicates that this function will no longer receive any data from the non-broadcast input. . One solution is to use a dummy key selector named NullByteKeySelector to convert input stream into KeyedStream, then you can use the Timer in KeyedBroadcastProcessFunction, or you can convert the input stream as a real KeyedStream. 对于broadcast的使用有几个步骤，1是建立MapStateDescriptor，然后通过DataStream. There is the “classic” execution behavior of the DataStream API, which we call STREAMING execution mode. process方法进行processElement及 User-Defined Functions # Most operations require a user-defined function. Returns the current processing time. aggregate( model. Two things to say here. Adding a constructor to which you pass the parameter is a good approach. Java Implementing an interface # The most basic way is to implement one of the provided interfaces: class MyMapFunction implements MapFunction<String, Integer ProcessAllWindowFunction. Assumes as inputs a BroadcastStream and a non-keyed DataStream and applies the given BroadcastProcessFunction on them, thereby creating a transformed output stream. userId); Next, we prepare the broadcast state. state. The code looks like this. Flink 中持久化的动作就是checkpoint ,其在Flink中的所占的分量不言而喻，当我们使用Flink的一些自定义逻辑接口的时候如果在实现逻辑的同时还能实现其 CheckpointFunction接口逻辑，无疑是我们的自定义实现更加趋于完美，同时也有效的体现了Flink 的 Apr 16, 2020 · I have a flink pipeline with mutiple models running, so that the windowing looks like this: DataStream<WindowDeviationResult> aggregatedWindow = keyedStream . BaseBroadcastProcessFunction. We also cover Accumulators, which can be used to gain insights into your Flink application. 0 flink broadcast stream and broadcast state. Mar 4, 2022 · 1. Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with All Implemented Interfaces: Serializable, Function, RichFunction. Flink 的 broadcast 流实时消费 MQ 中数据，就可以实时读取到维表的更新，然后配置就会在 Flink 任务生效，通过这种方法及时的修改了维度信息。. Process Function # The ProcessFunction # The ProcessFunction is a low-level stream processing operation, giving access to the basic building blocks of all (acyclic) streaming applications: events (stream elements) state (fault-tolerant, consistent, only on keyed stream) timers (event time and processing time, only on keyed stream) The ProcessFunction can be thought of as a FlatMapFunction with . 9. lx lz wr ca fr zm ra ca jw pq