Haplogroup x characteristics wikipedia. 9%) than it is in Eastern and Northern Finland (19%).

Haplogroup x characteristics wikipedia mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations. Haplogroup X may refer to: Haplogroup X (mtDNA) Haplogroup K-M147 (Y-DNA), previously known as Haplogroup X; see: Haplogroup K2#Subclades A maximum parsimony tree of 21 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences belonging to haplogroup X and the survey of the haplogroup-associated polymorphisms in 13,589 mtDNAs from Eurasia and Africa revealed that haplogroup X is subdivided into two major branches, here defined as “X1” and “X2. [2] The foremost pioneer of the study of population genetics was Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup with a widespread modern distribution, particularly in Subequatorial Africa. A small minority of around 4% are E1b1b clade bearers, a haplogroup which is most common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b (formerly Haplogroup O2), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Approximately 35% to 43% of Jewish men are in the paternal line known as haplogroup J [b] and its sub-haplogroups. Overall haplogroup X Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. 4% of mainlanders, who instead show an increased Ranweera et al. Jan 30, 2015 · The greatest frequency of one particular genetic trait, mitochondrial haplogroup X2 (hereafter mt hap X2), among North American Indians occurs in the Ojibwa Indians (25%). Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N Distribution of Haplogroup I. It has not been found among Native Americans. Haplogroup L occurs at a rate of 8%. 18% and the Makrani Balochs at 24%. 7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13. 2000) and some northern groups of Native Americans (Ward et al. [133] An additional male from the late Corded Ware culture or early Únětice culture in Łęki Małe, Poland of c. The presence of mitochondrial haplogroup X in Europe and the Americas. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a The haplogroup results were consistent with a Xiongnu origin of the Huns. [54] It is a characteristic haplogroup of the early farmers. in 2005 [244] found the following Y-Dna haplogroup frequencies in Albanians from Kosovo with E-V13 subclade of haplogroup E1b1b representing 43. It originated in Europe and developed into several main subgroups: I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596. [221] The clade is observed in more than 10% of Somali males generally, [ 145 ] with a peak frequency amongst the Somali Dir clan members in Djibouti (100%) [ 222 ] and Somalis in Dire Dawa (82. Only one detailed study on the Y-DNA on Turkmens from Turkmenistan has taken place. Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). [18] Haplogroup U5 is found in modern Egyptians, [29] [30] and is found in modern Egyptian Berbers from the Siwa Oasis in Egypt. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia. [ 2 ] Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS [3] is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup X subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [PMID 18853457] and subsequent published research. Haplogroup IJ would have arrived from the Middle East to Europe some 35,000 years ago, then developed into haplogroup I soon afterwards. 8%; Haplogroup I – 5. 7 “haplogroup X. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan . With a statistically significant difference found in such a small sample, it may be advisable for those of known haplogroup T maternal ancestry to be aware of this and have their physician check for evidence of this The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup, L0d, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African Khoi and San groups. Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Help; Learn to edit; Community portal; Recent changes; Upload file Haploryhmä X on mitokondrion DNA:han perustuva ihmisen äitilinjan haploryhmä. 2000 –1700 BC (the beginning of Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. [ Phylogenetics 2 ] Haplogroup J-M172 is common in modern populations in Western Asia , Central Asia , South Asia , Southern Europe , Northwestern Iran and North Africa . In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. [50] Zhou (2014) obtained mitochondrial DNA analysis from 17 Tuoba Xianbei, which indicated that these specimens were, similarly, completely East Asian in Preliminary results, including mitochondrial haplogroup analysis, suggests there may be substantial differences in the genetic composition between the two communities, with 70% of individuals from the island cemetery demonstrating African-based haplogroups (L2, L1, and L5), compared to only 36. (All these haplogroups have had other historical names listed below. 6%). (2014) found the most common mtDNA haplogroup in the Sinhalese to be, Haplogroup M and Haplogroup U (U7a) , Haplogroup R (r30) and Haplogroup G (G3a1′2). Haplogroup Q-M120, also known as Q1a1a1, is a Y-DNA haplogroup. 9%) than it is in Eastern and Northern Finland (19%). 1% respectively). It isn't present in any large quantity in Asia, apparently, which is quite odd given that that's the supposed departure point to the Americas. in 2011, [94] sampled a total of 330 Chechens from three sample locations (one in Malgobek, one in Achkhoy-Martan, and one from two sites in Dagestan) and found the following frequencies: A weak majority of Chechens belong to Haplogroup J2 (56. 4% of Siberia's Selkup people possess the mutation, while it is largely absent from other populations in Eastern Asia or Europe. Haplogroup X arose from haplogroup N, roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). 1998; Smith et al. recorded haplogroup U5 at 16. It is found, generally at low frequencies, in both West Eurasians (Richards et al. the Bashkirs) and across the Sahel in Central Africa, namely: Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal (concentrated in parts of Chad with concentration in the Haplogroup I is a grouping of several quite distantly related lineages. 2-0. E-M2 is primarily distributed within Africa followed by West Asia. 2300–2000 BC was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a and the maternal haplogroup T2e. Language family abbreviations: IE Indo-European NEC Northeast Caucasian NWC Northwest Caucasian Kartvelian South Caucasian Available evidence suggests that I-M170 was preceded into areas in which it would later become dominant by haplogroups K2a (K-M2308) and C1 (Haplogroup C-F3393). [19] After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M184). Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Unlike most “European” haplogroups, Haplogroup X is also found in West Eurasians and Native Americans (Reidla et al. com Haplogroup X is found in Europe, the Near East, Central Asia, North Africa and North America, and is believed to have migrated to the Americas about 15,000 years ago, making up a very small component of the Native American population (less than 3%). The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A, B, C, and D among eastern Asian and Indigenous American populations has long been recognized, along with the presence of Haplogroup X. According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b . [1] It was modified, according to Juan Núñez de la Peña, by the Castilians into "Guanche". The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor is the most recent common ancestor of the Y-chromosomes found in currently living human males. R-Z17 likely branched off from its parent clade, R-Z18, around 2150 BCE, with a range of 2805 BCE to 1607 BCE. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. 25% haplogroup C, 12. Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup C1a , one of the descendants of Haplogroup C-M130 . The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479). The European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, c. 3%; Haplogroup R – 3. Denisova 4, a molar. E-M215 has two basal branches, E-M35 and E-M281. E-M215 or E1b1b, formerly known as E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A composite look at most YDNA studies done so far [64] [65] [63] [66] [67] reveals that, out of a total of 459 males sampled from Ethiopia, approximately 58% of Y-chromosome haplotypes were found to belong to Haplogroup E, of which 71% (41% of total) were characterized by one of its further downstream sub lineage known as E1b1b, while the It is unknown whether or not this is specific to this subclaude of haplogroup T or is a risk factor shared by all of haplogroup T. 1) also known as Haplogroup D1a2a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. No significant associations of Haplogroup X to age-related disease, aging, or significantly altered mitochondrial function have been previously reported. [6] In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2 [Phylogenetics 1] is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-M304. The primary branch H1 (H-M69) and its subclades is one of the most predominant haplogroups amongst populations in South Asia , particularly its descendant H1a1 (M52). Intiaaneilla on haploryhmää X2, jolla ei ole mitään tekemistä Aasian X2-ryhmien kanssa. Due to the definition via the "currently living" population, the identity of a MRCA, and by extension of the human Y-MRCA, is time-dependent (it depends on the moment in time intended by the term "currently"). 1/Page44. " Th … Phylogenetic position of the Tianyuan lineage among other East Eurasians. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. The Y haplogroup of Richard III, last king of the House of York and last of the House of Plantagenet, was identified as Y-DNA G-P287, in contrast to the Y haplotypes of five of the putative modern relatives, descendants of Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort, of whom four belong to haplogroup R1b-U152 (x L2, Z36, Z56, M160, M126 and Z192) and Haplogroup R1a is one of the major classifications (called clades) of Y-chromosome types found in human male lines. Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L0 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [3] and subsequent published research. The most common Y-DNA haplogroups among the Sardinian males, comprising ~70% of the population, are, in descending order, I2 (particularly I2a1a-M26), R1b-M269 and G2a. [2] The genetic history of North Africa encompasses the genetic history of the people of North Africa. 85% of the total (note that Albanians from other regions have slightly lower percentages of E-V13, but similar J2b and R1b): Feb 13, 2002 · The high frequency of haplogroup X in Greenland is an artifact of the interpolating methodology, since no Native American samples typed from Greenland to date can be assigned to haplogroup X (Lorenz and Smith 1996; Saillard et al. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. ” Apr 2, 2015 · X is an mtDNA Haplogroup. Its defining mutation (M17) occurred about 10,000 to 14,000 years ago. , using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was "a compelling case for the Middle East, possibly near present-day Iran, as the geographic origin of hg R1a". Talk: Haplogroup X Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo, [16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk, [16] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A. 1%) and Magar (24. 6% in J-M267 and 4. [31] Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. [165] Bulgarian cartographer Anastas Ishirkov countered Cvijić's views, pointing to the involvement of Macedonian Slavs in Bulgarian nationalist uprisings and the Macedonian origins of Bulgarian nationalists before 1878. Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration (or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N. According to Zhou (2006) the maternal haplogroup frequencies of the Tuoba Xianbei were 43. Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). And the greatest occurrence of mt hap X2 in Eurasia is among the Druze of southern Lebanon and northern Israel (11%). The expansion of early modern humans from the Levant where the Levantine Aurignacian stage has been identified. Its descendants are haplogroup N, haplogroup O, haplogroup A, haplogroup S, haplogroup I, haplogroup W, haplogroup X and haplogroup Y, as well as macro-haplogroup R. [17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2. Haplogroup L lineages were also reported at 8% in Colombia, [41] and at 4. [ 18 ] The male carried the paternal haplogroup R1a-Z283 and the maternal haplogroup U4c1a, while the female carried the maternal haplogroup N1a1a1a1. Haplogroup N1a in Cres (9. 8% (3/169) of Yakuts in one study [ 9 ] and 1. U1a1c2, U4c1b1, U5b3j, K1a4l and K1a13a1) and lineages shared among Serbians (South Slavs) and West and East Slavs were detected (e. 2% Z total), mtDNA Haplogroup M8a, not well known one of three subclades is highly distributed among Northern Han Chinese from Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize laureate and one of the researchers who published the first sequence of the Neanderthal genome. A 2009 study by Coudray et al. 1996). It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. MSA: Middle Stone Age, LSA: Later Stone Age, ka: thousand years ago. [81] As a whole, the greatest frequency of the four Indigenous American associated haplogroups occurs in the Altai-Baikal region of southern Siberia. Simplified mitochondrial phylogenetic tree for classification of European (blue), African (red), and Native American/Asian (green) mitochondrial haplogroup lineages; Eurasian macrohaplogroups are in orange and the checkered boxes indicate haplogroups that were included in counts of the corresponding parent Eurasian macrohaplogroup. MtDNA H had frequency of 19% among Neolithic Early European Farmers and virtually absent among Mesolithic European hunter gatherers. Haplogroup H – 59. [6] It revealed that seven of the individuals whose remains where analysed belonged to: two to haplogroup HV(xH), two to haplogroup H, one to haplogroup R0(xHV), one to haplogroup J and one to haplogroup T4, the latter also being the oldest sample of the set. [ 59 ] 4 Science on Wikipedia. ” Haplogroup X represents»4% ofEur-opean mtDNAs and has been found to be further char-acterized by CrT transitions at nucleotide position (np) 16223 and np 16278 of the CR (Torroni et al. 75% haplogroup D, 31. 4% in the mainland), but peaks at 8. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual. A 2021 study which looked at whole genomes and whole-exomes of 3,362 Turkish people found that the most common Y chromosome haplogroups were J2a, R1b, and R1a (18. [3] Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. . 10 Sykes' "Xenia" 1 comment. 7% [94]), which is associated with ハプログループo1b1a1a-m95の分布図. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265 , itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175 . Many sample studies therefore carry information on the incidence of R1a and/or its subclassifications, in particular the dominant branching line represented by the haplogroups R1a1 and R1a1a. 9 X Haplogroup might have come from America. A study by Peričić et al. The most important source of gene flow to North Africa from the Neolithic Era onwards was from Western Asia, while the Sahara desert to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the north were also important barriers to gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Europe in prehistory. The first DNA analysis of the Tianyuan remains (focussing on mtDNA and chromosome 21) was published in 2013 and revealed that Tianyuan man is related "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans" and had already diverged genetically from the ancestors of modern Europeans. Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture ( Cardium pottery ) and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B . 4% in J2b. 2 comments. [8] Cvijić thus transformed the political character of the IMRO's appeals to "Macedonians" into an ethnic one. mtSNPs in bold are found in a single haplogroup and those In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). [2] Haplogroup Q is found in minority Turkmen tribes living in Afghanistan at percentages of about 32%, [3] and another study found that 42. 000 years ago along the southern Asian coastline following a southern coastal route across Schematic tree of haplogroup L0. North and South America. Of the 1228 samples, 11/1228 (0. [5] Its highest concentration is among the Saami people of northern Fennoscandia (~59%). Haplogroup Z, the other one of three subclades is highly distributed among Even from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28. According to 2017 study on haplogroup U diversity "putative Balkan-specific lineages (e. Each haplogroup originates from, and remains part of, a preceding single haplogroup (or paragroup). [43] Haplogroup L are detected in various Amerindian groups in ranging frequencies. Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0 which in turn derives from haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3. [5] J1-M267 that is not P58 are found in Yemen and Oman. Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Roma at frequencies 7–70%. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. [17] Haplogroup R1a is the most common paternal haplogroup among males from other cultures of the Corded Ware horizon, and has earlier been found among Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs). 7% in the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, whereas haplogroup U6 is more common in other Berber populations to the west of Egypt. 7%) of modern males sampled in Japan and has been considered to be a Y-DNA haplogroup descended from Jōmon people . It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia, Siberia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East. 8% of Siberia's Ket people and 66. [ 41 ] Pottery dated from around 3,000–2,500 BC [ 42 ] showing similarities with later Igbo work was found at Nsukka , and Afikpo regions of Igboland in the 1970s, [ 43 ] along with pottery and tools at nearby Ibagwa; the traditions of the Umueri clan have as their source the Anambra valley . Ancient and medieval Greek genetic paternal legacy is estimated at 37% in Sicily. 4%), a city with a The high frequency [citation needed] of haplogroup C2-M217 is consistent [citation needed] with the purported Mongolian origin of many of the Hazaras. [2] Jun 11, 2003 · A maximum parsimony tree of 21 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences belonging to haplogroup X and the survey of the haplogroup-associated polymorphisms in 13,589 mtDNAs from Eurasia and Africa revealed that haplogroup X is subdivided into two major branches, here defined as “X1” and “X2. [ 39 ] While haplogroup I1 most likely diverged from I* as early as 27,000 years ago in the Gravettian, so far DNA studies have only been able to locate it in three Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. 25% haplogroup A and 6. 4%, which is commonly found in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Italy, coastal Mediterranean, and the Iranian plateau. The most recent study on Chechens, by Balanovsky et al. Haplogroup Q is a unique mutation shared among most Indigenous peoples of the Americas, less among Siberian populations. [2] Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). [29] In English, no clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. The most dominant Paternal Y haplogroup in Arab countries is the Arabian haplogroup J1 (J-M267) and especially its main clade J1-P58 reaching up to 80% in some countries such as Yemen, Qatar and Sudan, according to latest samples studies. Studies have found that 93. 4% (2/146) of the sample of Afghan Tajiks, but it is unclear whether these belong to the haplogroup V subclade. It is found in America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. [65] The 14,000 year old Villabruna 1 skeleton from Ripari Villabruna, Italy, is the oldest identified bearer of Y-haplogroup R1b (R1b1a-L754* (xL389,V88)) found in Europe, likely brought in from eastern introgression. Haplogroup HV, as the major subclade of R0, is also rare or Mapa da migração humana conforme haplogrupos mitocondriais. Cavalli-Sforza used classical genetic markers to analyse DNA by proxy. Modern Basque, a descendant or close relative of Aquitanian and Proto-Basque, is the only pre-Indo-European language that is extant in western Europe. Eight Y chromosome haplogroup subclades, including R1a, N3, I1b, R1b, I2a, J2, N2, and E3b all together, account for >95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Its L2a subclade is a somewhat frequent and widely distributed mtDNA cluster on the continent, as well as among those in the Americas . Within Britain, the most common subclade is I1, which also occurs frequently in northwestern continental Europe and southern Scandinavia , and has thus been associated with the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings. 4%, 14. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands. Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. "Our results strongly support the hypothesis that haplogroup X, together with the other four main mtDNA haplogroups, was part of the gene pool of a single Native American founding population; therefore they do not support models that propose haplogroup-independent migrations, such as the migration from Europe posed by the Solutrean hypothesis The genetic divergence of R1a (M420) is estimated to have occurred 25,000 [2] years ago, which is the time of the last glacial maximum. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, and the Middle East. g. Thus, haplogroup X mtDNAs are minimally character-ized by a combination of RFLP and CR markers in- The genetic history of Italy includes information around the formation, ethnogenesis, and other DNA-specific information about the inhabitants of Italy. On 7 May 2010, following the genome sequencing of three Vindija Neanderthals, a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome was published and revealed that Neanderthals shared more alleles with Eurasian populations (e. Haplogroup I-M253 in Sami is explained by immigration (of men) during the 14th century. 9%) were classified up to the root level of haplogroups F and K . 25% "other". The genetic sequences of haplogroup X diverged originally from haplogroup N, and subsequently further diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2. [ 36 ] Pamjav et al. Turner syndrome (TS), commonly known as 45,X, or 45,XO, [note 1] is a chromosomal disorder in which cells have only one X chromosome or are partially missing an X chromosome (sex chromosome monosomy) leading to the complete or partial deletion of the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1, PAR2) in the affected X chromosome. [4] Haplogroup X, also a rare mitochondrial haplogroup, originated in the Near East ca. The Denisovans or Denisova hominins (/ d ə ˈ n iː s ə v ə / də-NEE-sə-və) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic, and lived, based on current evidence, from 285 to 25 thousand years ago. 3% to 16. A maximum parsimony tree of 21 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences belonging to haplogroup X and the survey of the haplogroup-associated polymorphisms in 13,589 mtDNAs from Eurasia and Africa revealed that haplogroup X is subdivided into two major branches, here defined as "X1" and "X2. [ 86 ] Analysis of mtDNA, which is inherited exclusively by maternal descent, confirms the above results. 50% in North-Central Mexico. It is widespread all across Eurasia . 7000 BC (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until c. The most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani Pashtuns is haplogroup R which is found at a rate of 28–50%. Certain Pakistani Pashtun groups exhibit high levels of R1b. 1997; Brown et al. The mutations that characterize haplogroup R1a occurred ~10,000 years BP. It has been found at a frequency of approximately 10% among the Maris of the Volga-Ural region, leading to the suggestion that this region might be the source of Dec 1, 1998 · A recent survey of European mtDNAs has demonstrated the presence of the same “other” haplotype motif in modern European populations, in which it is called “haplogroup X. [ c ] All of the Hunnic males studied were determined to have had brown eyes and dark brown hair or black hair , and two had intermediate skin color, while another had dark-to-black skin color. The Aurignacian (/ ɔːr ɪ ɡ ˈ n eɪ ʃ ən /) is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. As of November 2022, only 6 ancient DNA samples from human remains dating to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age have been assigned to Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (ISOGG 2019), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of haplogroup I-M170. 90% in White Americans of European ancestry. Haplogroup J-P209 was found to be more common in India's Shia Muslims, of which 28. The haplogroup is one of two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110). [14] (namely, X2a subclade). [1] Haplogroup F which is almost absent (only 0. Haplogroup D-M55 (M64. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup D1a. Haplogroup J2 was found in 9% to 24% depending on the study and Haplogroup E has been found at a frequency of 4% to 13%. [ 3 ] Haplogroup I is the oldest major haplogroup in Europe and in all probability the only one that originated there (apart from very minor haplogroups like C1a2 and deep subclades of other haplogroups). 7% in J-M410, 10. [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] The distinctiveness of the Khoisan in both matrilineal and patrilineal groupings is a further indicator that they represent a population historically distinct from Today, it is in north-west Sicily, around Trapani, Palermo and Agrigento where Norman Y-DNA is the most common, with 8% to 20% of the lineages belonging to haplogroup I1. [84] The predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup is E1b1a1-M2. Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. 9%, and 12. The predominant lineage is X2, while others are rarely found, usually in Near Eastern and North African populations [16,17]. Overall, haplogroups A, B, and X exhibit strong clines. [6] According to Bergstorm et al, deep-rooted haplogroup K2b1 (Y-haplogroup S/M) found in Indigenous Australians and ancestors of haplogroup R and Q (Y-haplogroup K2b2/root P) split in Southeast Asia near Sahul. A 2014 study by Peter A. 1991; Forster et al. The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. Haplogroup G-M377 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup defined by the presence of the M377 mutation. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Haplogroup M represents the dispersal of modern humans around 60. It is an East Asian haplogroup. Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231. The lineage is most common amongst modern populations in eastern Eurasia . Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26. It is most common in Central Africa and West Africa . Y chromosome haplogroup distribution of Turkish people [4]. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] See also The origin of the Basques and the Basque language is a controversial topic that has given rise to numerous hypotheses. [6] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians. This haplogroup is particularly present in the Middle East and Southern Europe. Haplogroup M (mtDNA) is a descendant of haplogroup L3, typically found in Eurasia and parts of Africa. 6% of Iranian Turkmens have haplogroup Q-M25 (also known as Q1a1b). French, Han Chinese, and Papua New Guinean) than with Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. 2014. Although it occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas, it is a bigger haplogroup in northern North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types. 6%; Haplogroup E – 29. Macro-haplogroup N is found mostly in Australia, the Americas and parts of Asia. [2] There is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. This method studies differences in the frequencies of particular allelic traits, namely polymorphisms from proteins found within human blood (such as the ABO blood groups, Rhesus blood antigens, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, G-6-P-D Haplogroup R-M269 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M269. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. [3] It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9. Ryhmä on eriytynyt haploryhmästä N noin 30 000 vuotta sitten. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R. The other is D1a1 , which is found with high frequency in Tibetans and other Tibeto-Burmese populations and geographical close groups. It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago ( 140. [42] In North America, haplogroup L lineages were reported at a frequency of 0. (2012) believe that R1a originated and initially diversified either within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region. [82] R-Z17 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup named Haplogroup R, associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z17. 8%; A Rom makes a complaint to a local magistrate in Hungary, by Sándor Bihari, 1886. The first two columns list the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of the individuals studied, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup. 5% haplogroup B, 6. Map of the spread of farming into Europe up to about 3800 BC Female figure from Tumba Madžari, North Macedonia. Underhill et al. [ 30 ] The Georgians, or Kartvelians [d] (/ k ɑːr t ˈ v ɛ l i ə n z /; Georgian: ქართველები, romanized: kartvelebi, pronounced [kʰaɾtʰʷelebi]), are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms. Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup J-M267, also commonly known as Haplogroup J1, is a subclade (branch) of Y-DNA haplogroup J-P209 (commonly known as haplogroup J) along with its sibling clade haplogroup J-M172 (commonly known as haplogroup J2). Various genetic studies on Filipinos have been performed, to analyze the population genetics of the various ethnic groups in the Philippines. Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, [Phylogenetics 1] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE. ” The first is restricted to the populations of North and East Africa and the Near East Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G. Haplogroup I1 is the most common haplogroup in Sweden, and the Jokkmokk Sami in Sweden have similar structure to Swedes and Finns for haplogroup I1 and N1c. 24%) is the northernmost finding till now of this branch in Europe, and haplotypes indicate a relatively recent founder effect. 8%), the haplogroup I1a is found more often there (30. Haplogroup X is also one of the five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas. 1996; Scozzari et al. [29] ハプログループX (mtDNA)（ハプログループX (ミトコンドリアDNA)、英: Haplogroup X (mtDNA) ）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち「N」を祖先に持ち73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16189, 16223, 16278の変異で定義されるグループである [1] 。 Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Toggle the table of contents. Although it occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas, it is a major haplogroup in northeastern North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types. While N1c is the most common haplogroup in Western Finland as well (53. See full list on eupedia. Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT, is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. [Phylogenetics 1]It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. [8] The subclade HV1a1a has been found in 1. [ 58 ] In Pakistan , the highest frequencies of J2-M172 were observed among the Parsis at 38. ” Haplogroup X represents ∼4% of European mtDNAs and has been found to be further characterized by C→T transitions at nucleotide position (np) 16223 and np 16278 of the CR (Torroni et al. 6 +33. 2003). 1 thousand years ago (Olivieri 2013). [ 64 ] Nov 1, 2003 · Haplogroup X is an exception to this pattern of limited geographical distribution. 3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan. [ 67 ] A more recent study on Hausa of Arewa (Northern Nigeria ) revealed similar results: 47% E1b1a , 5% E1b1b , 21% other Haplogroup E ( E-M33 , E-M75 ), 18% R1b and 9% B . G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran . [ 8 ] Haplogroup J2 has been measured at 13. Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. No estudo da evolução molecular, um haplogrupo é um grupo grande de haplótipos, que são séries de alelos em lugares específicos de um cromossomo herdado de um único progenitor, proveniente de um único ancestral comum com mutação de polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único. It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western Europe, as well as some parts of Russia (e. About Wikipedia; Contact us; Contribute Help; Learn to edit; Community portal; Haplogroup X may refer to: Haplogroup X (mtDNA) Haplogroup K-M147 (Y-DNA), The native term guanachinet literally translated means "person of Tenerife" (from Guan = person and Achinet = Tenerife). The mtDNA M is found in all Onge and most of the Great Andamanese samples. 4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2. [70] 15% to 30% are in haplogroup E1b1b, [c] (or E-M35) and its sub-haplogroups which is common in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southern Europe. [1] Haplogroup I is a descendant of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 (Olivieri 2013). There is a reference cited to some paper which may also be important. It is the only primary branch of haplogroup Q1a1a (F746/NWT01). ハプログループo-f2320 (y染色体) [7] （ハプログループo-f2320（yせんしょくたい））、またはハプログループo-k18 (y染色体) [2] 、系統名称ハプログループo1b1とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のy染色体ハプログループの分類のうち、ハプログループo1bのサブ Haplogroup C-M8 also known as Haplogroup C1a1 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Modern Italians mostly descend from the ancient peoples of Italy, including Indo-European speakers (Romans and other Latins, Falisci, Picentes, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Magno-Greeks, Cisalpine Gauls Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. ハプログループN (Y染色体)（ハプログループN (Yせんしょくたい)、英: Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)）とは分子人類学において人類の父系を示すY染色体ハプログループ（型集団）の分類で、「M231」以下の系統に位置すると定義されるものである [5] 。 Mt-haplogroup U5 arose in Europe just prior to the LGM, between 35 and 25 thousand years ago. 3% in Hvar. 2001), but, intriguingly, it is absent in modern north Siberian Q-M25 has descendants in modern populations across all of Eurasia. The results of a DNA study conducted by the National Geographic's "The Genographic Project", based on genetic testings of Filipino people by the National Geographic in 2008–2009, found that the Philippines is made up of around 53% Southeast Asia and The 7 samples of mtDNA extracted were determined to belong to haplogroup U4, U2e1f1, H6a1b, U5a1b1, K1a4a1, T2b and K1b1a. The authors conclude that the population living around Verteba Cave was fairly Haplogroup C, the most major one of three subclades is highly distributed among the Amerindian and Indigienous peoples of East Siberia. [2] The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. %, of which the half are R1b and many are R1a; Haplogroup G – 1. [2] It is a subclade of Haplogroup G2b-M3115, which in turn is defined by the M3115 mutation. The clade and its subclades constitute over 90% of paternal lineages outside of Africa. 2000). In human genetics, Haplogroup R-DF27 (R1b1a2a1a2a) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup R-M269 (more specifically, its subclade R-) defined by the presence of the marker DF27 (also known as S250). K2a and C1 have been found in the oldest sequenced male remains from Western Eurasia (dating from circa 45,000 to 35,000 years BP), such as: Ust'-Ishim man (modern west Siberia) K2a*, Oase 1 (Romania) K2a*, Kostenki 14 (south west Furthermore, haplogroup HV0 was found in 1. 3%). [4] [5] Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). 30 kya, is divided into four distinct subhaplogroups, denoted as X1–X4. The Yamnaya culture [a] or the Yamna culture, [b] also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC. [8] Modern Hazaras speak Hazaragi , one of the dialects of the Dari / Persian language . The association of Haplogroup X with SA is novel. 2% (5/423) of Yakuts in another study [ 10 ] published in 2013. Haplogroup V is a relatively rare mtDNA haplogroup, occurring in around 4% of native Europeans. See Haplogroup X (mtDNA)#North_America for more info. U2e1b1, U2e2a1d, U4a2a, U4a2c, U4a2g1, U4d2b and U5b1a1). E-M35 is primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occurs at moderate frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa. 89%, the Dravidian -speaking Brahuis at 28. [65] [83] Eastern Finns also have a higher portion of autosomal Siberian admixture [65] and a higher frequency of the Y-haplogroup N1c (71. The Dinaric race, also known as the Adriatic race, were terms used by certain physical anthropologists in the early to mid-20th century [1] [2] [3] to describe the perceived predominant phenotype of the contemporary ethnic groups of southeast Europe. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2 (2003 to 2005), R1b1c (2005 to 2008), R1b1b2 (2008 to 2011) and R1b1a1a2 (2011 to 2020). Geneticist Spencer Wells suggests that haplogroup K likely originated in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan. 1999; Malhi et al. It has been found in about 6% (2. It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (BP) (Behar 2012b), with coalescence age of 20. qnpcv taefgd vrntvd ukl eln jabq veuqli khhejc ccfj toogm