Analog input and output. Other parameters will remain the same.

Analog input and output. Digital input and output are the same.

Analog input and output. PORTB = 0x00; //sets all the outputs low for example - The ANSEL (analog select) register configures the pins as analog inputs. pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); } In the main loop, read the analog value using analogRead () and put the result into the variable that holds the analog value. The 10-bit resolution means, the output values will be in the range of 0 to 1023. 1 Digital Input and Output. The Arduino boards have a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number between 0 and 1023. 220 ohm resistor Jun 10, 2015 · The ADC turns the analog voltage into a digital value. Jul 13, 2011 · Synchronize Analog Input and Output in DAQmx. Most applications of the analog outputs will not be able to achieve the maximum update rate. In the image below we have a simple circuit that converts the position of a 0 into a 0 to 5 volts signal and connected to a generic PLC voltage analog input. When the shaft is turned all the way in one direction, there are 0 volts going to the pin, and the input value The analog part of the circuit consists of a high input impedance buffer, precision integrator and a voltage comparator. the result to set the pulse width modulation (PWM) of an output pin. The command in Wiring is the analogRead () command, and it looks like this: analogVar = analogRead(pin) Pin is the analog input pin you are using; analogVar is an integer variable containing the result from the ADC. Divide the full scale value by the resolution and multiply by the measured input value. The configuration memory structure for the 1771-OFE Analog Output Card is shown in Figure 322. Mar 4, 2024 · The third goes from analog input 0 to the middle pin of the potentiometer. 3 V. Alarms. An input/output (I/O) device is a piece of hardware that can take Common Analog Output Types. The circuit: * potentiometer connected to analog pin 0. Inputs such as RCA, component, scart and VGA are becoming less common on newer TVs and are being superseded by HDMI and DisplayPort. Jan 20, 2022 · Read a Raw Analog Input with Arduino. Motor starters, solenoids. We’re using the +24VDC contact on the drive pin 11, sending the signal through the contact and tying the other side to the “DigIn TermBlk 05”. See picture 4. Then print out the brightness value. Convolution. 22. Reads an analog input pin, maps the result to a range from 0 to 255 and uses. The analog read function reads a voltage Wiring/Arduino. The difference between these inputs usually lies in the original power source, less in the nature of the signal. Factory Dec 7, 2023 · Analog outputs on Arduino can be used to control the brightness of a LED, for example. The modes of output that you’ve used so far are digitalWrite() and analogWrite(). It is the integral of the product of two waveforms after one has reversed and Mar 7, 2023 · Select the I/O addresses under the Analog inputs, which will display the start and end addresses for both inputs. The card has four 12 bit output channels. That’s a range of 1024 points. This article discusses the “ins and outs” of interfacing analog sensors to a microcontroller’s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) input pins1. The PCI-6040E has a maximum update rate of 1 MS/s and the USB-6221 has a maximum rate of 833 kS/s. I need some help to determine if a) This is Feb 28, 2023 · In a similar vein to analog outputs, there are 2-wire, 3-wire, and 4-wire input wiring styles. We'll build a simple circuit with an LED, button, and potentiometer to demonstrate how output voltage becomes referred to a power supply common point. Red LED. Mar 29, 2023 · Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Analog sensors can only be connected to analog input terminals on a PLC. an Arduino UNO has a 10 bit ADC, or an M0 processor has a 12 bit A/D. 5. The first check a technician should perform when troubleshooting a PLC analog output circuit is to verify that the PLC and the circuit have proper power supply voltages. I used the Multi-Function-Synch AI-AO. can be directly connected to the analog input, and control valves to the analog output. , The most common analog input signal from an input device to a PLC is 0VDC to 5 VDC. Examples of Digital (Discrete) output devices. and more. • Input states: floating, pull-up / pull-down, analog according to GPIOx_MODER, GPIOx_PUPDR and GPIOx_ASCR registers settings • Input data to input data register (GPIOx_IDR) or peripheral (alternate function input) • Bit set and reset register (GPIOx_ BSRR) for bitwise write access to GPIOx_ODR In this lesson, you’ll learn about using analog inputs and outputs with the Arduino and Python. The ADC in the Arduino can read the input voltage at a resolution of 10 bits. Before using this product, please read this manual and the relevant manuals carefully and develop familiarity with the functions and performance of the MELSEC-L series programmable controller to handle the product correctly. I've modified the VI a little to output a triangular wave and Analog Input and Output. 1. The part has integrated input current, input voltage, output current and output voltage feedback loops. In the Arduino IDE, select File → Examples → 01. • The output voltage is directly proportional to the pulse width. We will also add an analog input/output module. For this example, it is possible to use the board's built in LED attached to pin 13. Outputs send the audio from one device to another, while inputs receive audio from somewhere else. To use an additional LED, attach its longer leg (the positive leg, or anode), to digital pin 13 in series with the 220 ohm resistor, and it's shorter leg (the negative leg, or cathode Mar 21, 2018 · The main point here is that we (the sensor or transmitter) will transform those physical values into an analog signal. Hello, I'm trying to write an analog output and read the input simultaneously. Description This Example takes three Analog modules in a PXI chassis to use. Word 0 (N9:0) sets the value for channel 1, word 1 (N9:1) sets the value for channel 2, etc. In this lab, you’ll connect a digital input circuit and a digital output circuit to a microcontroller. When the knob is on zero, the input to the PLC will be zero volts, and at the other end of the knob’s rotation, the PLC will see 5 volts. Center pin of the potentiometer goes to the analog pin. Examples of Relay output devices. As shown later in Table 1, a great number of sensors produce a voltage output that varies in response to a change in a physical parameter such as temperature, pressure, or magnetic field intensity. These modules are equipped with a 16-bit DAC and have high resolution and high accuracy. Feb 28, 2017 · The Arduino converts voltages values between 0V and 5V into a number between 0 and 1023. For the PLC to supply the current to the field device, a positive 24VDC Analog vs. Input signals are usually called x(t) or X(s) and output signals are usually called y(t) or Y(s). 0 . The converter first integrates the analog input signal for a fixed duration and then it integrates an internal reference voltage of opposite polarity until the integrator output is zero. As you can see below, the first input consumes addresses 64 and 65, and then the second one consumes 66 and 67. Apr 1, 2024 · SM 1231 analog input modules; SB 1231 analog input modules; SM 1232 analog output modules; SB 1232 analog output modules; SM 1234 analog input/output modules; SM 1231 thermocouple module; SB 1231 thermocouple signal board; SM 1231 RTD signal module; SB 1231 RTD signal board; SM 1238 Energy Meter 480 V AC analog input modules; SIPLUS analog modules The chapter will show how to output and input analog values with a PLC. Given a sufficient bandwidth, any analog value can be encoded with PWM. The basic op amp hookup of Figure 1-2 below applies a signal to the (+) input, and a (generalized) network delivers a fraction of the output voltage to the (−) input terminal. For voltage input ADCs, three different input structure types exist: Single-Ended, Pseudo-Differential and Fully-Differential. 3 V corresponds to 4095. This process is called analog to digital conversion. The time constant is in microseconds if the resistance This sensor-to-CAN module produces analog, digital & pulse measurements from 8 input channels - and outputs the data via CAN bus. Please use it according to your application. 1 Pseudo-analog output: 3. Analog Output module. ) • A low-pass filtered is required to smooth the input signal and eliminate the inherent noise components in PWM signal. Nov 2, 2015 · The majority of devices will provide an analog signal that is from zero to some higher value, 0-1,000 psi, 0-10 gpm or 0-500°C. Other parameters will remain the same. In today's tutorial we'll learn digital and analog inputs and outputs. An example here could be a temperature transmitter with a 4-20 mA output. The default reference voltage is 5 V (for 5 V Arduino The Arduino Code. Input/output devices, as the name implies, are capable of delivering data (output) to and receiving data from a computer (input). The ADC can be used for basically two types of measurements. Delete image . TRUE. First thing you need to understand is the analogRead() and analogWrite() functions do NOT read and write the same thing. For more information about the analog circuits used in this lesson, check out the following resources: In this lesson, you’re going to work with analog inputs and how to simulate using analog outputs. Hi all, I have a cDAQ-9178, with modules NI 9263 and NI 9205. high accuracy and high-frequency sampling - as well as configurable input ranges and digital thresholds. If you refer to the datasheet of ESp8266EX SoC, the ADC Pin is the Pin 6, also known as TOUT pin. Any voltage between 0 V and 3. Nov 3, 2021 · Analog I/O signals are used in both factory and build automation to enable smarter sensing and push intelligence at the edge. Connected to the transmitter is a temperature sensor. The compact device offers pro specs incl. Sep 26, 2008 · Using 3 analog modules in a PXI chassis to demonstrate Analog Input and Output trigger sampling. 3 V will be given the corresponding value in between. Dec 8, 2022 · This voltage is the analog voltage that you're reading as an input. This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and the operating voltage (5V or 3. FALSE. Then, D0 represents the register in the PLC where these analog input counts will be stored. Mar 4, 2014 · Process image. This is a very low current. The first four words set the output values for the card. The pins marked in the board as 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 can act as the analog output. Analog input devices can be either self-powered or auxiliary powered. When troubleshooting PLC actuators are actuator wiring, the first check a technician should perform is to verify that ___. Two. Digital input and output are the most fundamental physical connections for any microcontroller. The number produced in analogVar is will be between 0 and 1024. A (n) ___ -bit word is reserved for each analog input and output terminal. The module comes from the factory with the configuration plugs positioned for voltage mode. Dec 12, 2018 · Similarly an analog input into the PLC can increase or decrease in very small increments and the PLC can produce an analog output that acts the same way. 3 This module uses a byte in both the input and output image tables for block transfer. 4 Analog Output: Motor Control; 4 Multiple Inputs or Outputs. Simulate. Analog input, analog output, serial output. 2 Tone Output; 3. Digital. The difference between analog and digital sensors is that an analog sensor collects readings over a range of values, and a digital sensor only reads a HIGH or LOW signal (a bit of data). ), oil pressure sensors and weight scales. and uses the result to set the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) of an output pin. 1 The Fixed Resistor is Necessary! 1. With a wide 2. As a result, the AnalogReadSerial example sketch opens in a new Arduino IDE window. Arduino Board. A Inside every analog input module is an ADC, or Analog-to-Digital Converter, a circuit designed to convert an analog electrical signal into a multi-bit binary word. Where VREF = 5v and n is the ADC resolution which is 10 bits. Oct 12, 2023 · An analog audio connection for a stereo RCA plug looks like this: It is either an input or an output, which will be labeled next to the port on your device. As soon as an input changes, the output also changes. M2 input denotes the channel number in the module. 9 mV) per unit. If the input voltage range (for example, on the Uno) is 0 to 5 volts, that means that the smallest change it can read is 5/1024, or 0. Just like in the output example, digital input has either a high or The arduino pro-mini board normally has six analog output pins which can be used to generate analog output voltage. There are 16-bit AD converter type and 12-bit AD converter type. Potentiometer. The analog input module (1771-IFE/C) has configuration plugs for determining the input type (voltage or current) desired for each input. On an Arduino UNO, for example, this yields a resolution between readings of: 5 volts / 1024 units or, 0. 1) The transmitter is the instrument that converts the signal from the sensor to the Process Variable or PV Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC or A/D) gives an unsigned integer result proportional to an analog voltage input and the resolution of that result is expressed in bits, e. 3V board like the Nano 33 IoT, it’s 0. A 3-wire sensor will have a wire for power, a wire for signal Also, do not use any "use prohibited" signals as an output signal from the programmable controller CPU to the intelligent function module. PowerFlex 525 - Digital Input Terminal 5 Wiring Diagram. 3V) into integer values between 0 and 1023. Hardware and installation costs can be substantially Digital – to – Analog Converters (DACs) DAC accepts an n-bit parallel digital word as its input and provides an analog current or voltage as its output input can be signed or unsigned positional binary number Several types of DAC different topologies, different speeds, different accuracies, different output types (voltage vs. Our best-in-class analog input (AI), analog output (AO), and configurable analog input/output (CIO) ICs provide the highest levels of system accuracy in the market with per-channel software configurability. 2 ANALOG INPUTS To input an analog voltage (into a PLC or any other computer) the continuous voltage value must be sampled and then converted to a numerical value by an A/D converter. Analog in uses special hardware to determine a the voltage on the pin, while analog output uses PWM to mimic a voltage on the pin, but it is not truly analog out. Calibration - Define a maximum and minimum for expected analog sensor values. Measure the voltage where the capacitor and the resistor meet (yellow wire) with a high impedance device like an analog input, oscilloscope, or multi-meter. Doing so may cause malfunction of the programmable controller system. Jun 14, 2017 · The second factor that differentiates analog and digital signals is how they are processed. PLCs are responsible for collecting data from input signals and sending the information through output signals to control devices in order to perform specific functions. 2 Digital input with internal pull-up resistors; 2 Analog Input; 3 Analog Output. CAUTION Do not install the control lines or communication cables together with the main circuit lines or power cables. The module is 100% standalone, no PC required. The number of possible values an integer can take on is limited by the number of binary bits. Fading - Use an analog output (PWM pin) to fade an LED. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION. Its maximum may be less, depending on the variable Sep 30, 2015 · The LT8705 is a high performance buck-boost switching regulator controller that operates from input voltages above, below or equal to the output voltage. While the contact is open, the terminal should read a LOW. I am trying to read a variable waveform (from a hall effect sensor), do some basic filtering or alterations, and then output that new waveform as fast as physically possible. Convolution is the basic concept in signal processing that states an input signal can be combined with the system's function to find the output signal. Here’s What You Need to Know about Smart TVs and Inputs and Outputs: Smart TVs have ethernet ports, RCA inputs, component inputs, HDMI and coax inputs. Feb 7, 2023 · This example shows you how to read an analog input pin, map the result to a range from 0 to 255, use that result to set the pulse width modulation (PWM) of an output pin to dim or brighten an LED and print the values on the serial monitor of the Arduino Software (IDE). Through the use of high-resolution counters, the duty cycle (pulse width/period) of a pulse wave is modulated to encode a specific analog signal level. 0029 volts. The circuit: - potentiometer connected to analog pin 0. Inputs. To see how we handle analog signals in modern S7 family PLC, let’s start by creating a new project and adding an S7-1200 CPU. Note: This key point is further clarified with the consideration of typically used op amp feedback networks. 2 days ago · Arduino boards contain a multichannel, 10-bit analog to digital converter. The AD74413R contains functionality for analog output, analog input, digital input, resistance temperature detector (RTD), and thermocouple measurements integrated into a single chip solution with a serial peripheral TRISB = 0x05; //0b00000101 sets pins 0 and 2 as inputs for example - The PORT register sets up the values actually being sent out to or read in from the pins. As shown above, the push-button circuit is straightforward. Analog Input and Output. Voltage-Mode Analog Inputs. current) 4-wire Analog Input The manufacturer of the field device specifies how that specific device is wired. 4-20mA – The most common analog output signal is the 4-20mA current output. Analog Input. 3 Servo Control using Pulse Width Modulation; 3. 12-13-2016 02:58 PM. Control relays. This voltage is the analog voltage that you're reading as an input. ADC Digital Value 0. As you can see, the controller is part of both the input and the output loops. 6 means first input; so in the next rung, I have taken 7 as the input (denoting the second channel). Connect a resistor to the PWM output (red wire). So, in the next rung, I have used the next available register Dec 8, 2022 · When the resistances are reversed, the voltage at the center pin nears 0 volts, or ground. – By changing the pulse width of the PWM waveform, we can control the output value. g. Dec 1, 2021 · That’s the main difference between discrete and analog I/O modules! Discrete signals are simply on or off, whereas analog signals vary. a bit value of 1 will mark a pin as an analog input. PWM Analog Output (cont. vi example and connected the output of my PCI-4461 directly to the input with a short BNC cable. Jun 14, 2002 · Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs, or A/D converters) convert the signal into digital form. Analog input is different from analog output. When the sensing device has 0 as one of the output points, scaling is quite simple. The connection on your device depends on what the device is for. It is not usually a choice you get to make (unless you find a different manufacturer with the same type of field device that wires differently). The voltage measured is then assigned to a value between 0 and 4095, in which 0 V corresponds to 0, and 3. Basics → AnalogReadSerial on the top menu bar. 8V to 80V input and 1. AnalogWriteMega - Fade 12 LEDs on and off, one by one, using an Arduino Mega board. Mar 13, 2024 · An analogue comparator such as the LM339N which has two analogue inputs, one positive and one negative, and which can be used to compare the magnitudes of two different voltage levels. , Analog actuators are connected to the analog output terminals of a PLC and receive digital signals from the output section. Depending on the application or device Analog Input module. 07-13-2011 07:28 AM. 1 Multiplexers; 4. Eight channels of the fully differential inputs or 16 single-ended input channels can be configured software, along with the programmable gain, filter settings, and output data rate. When PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a way of digitally encoding analog signal levels. On the analog input DAQmx Timing VI, all you have to do is specify the “source” to be the analog output sample clock. 4V, 64 AnalogInOutSerial - Read an analog input pin, map the result, and then use that data to dim or brighten an LED. Let’s take a look at the drawing below of a new ruler: on the top we see voltage ranging from 0 to 5 volts: on the bottom we see the range we might get from an analog input pin on the Arduino, 0 – 1023. A voltage input, (V IN) signal is applied to one input of the comparator, while a reference voltage, (V REF) to the other. Publication 1746-UM005B-EN-P - June 2004 (1) Sep 21, 2021 · ANALOG INPUT and OUTPUT. S7-1200 analog input memory addresses. Jun 21, 2023 · For the analog output timing, leave the “source” input as default – this means your analog output operation will function according to the default analog output clock, which is the internal clock. The analog input loop consists of 2 major devices: (1) the transmitter and (2) the controller. See . /*. Then use the analogWrite () command to face the LED. Aug 12, 2022 · The AD74115H is a single-channel, software configurable, input and output device. Relay Output ( applicable for IOLAN (S)DS1 D2R2 or A4R2) Relay output exists when contacts are closed on a pair of relay leads. The microcontroller of the board has a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number between 0 and 1023. 3. For both devices, the maximum current available from each analog output is 5 mA. To parallel the previous example, digital input in the Arduino has two values: high and low and the associated method is digitalRead(). Analog I/O. 8192byte. With the toolbox you can use multiple devices and achieve various analog measurement types, including temperature, current, and accelerometer. 3V to 80V output range, the LT8705 is compatible Jul 29, 2023 · The Arduino has built-in analog and digital input and output (I/O) pins that you can interface to a variety of sensors and devices. 2 Shift Registers; 4. Resolution: Vref: Analog Input Voltage 0V. However, you can decide which pins are UART, I2C, SPI, PWM, etc – you just need to assign them in the code. Analog Devices provides connectivity solutions and analog and digital front ends to connect these more distributed nodes The channel isolated analog modules are specifically designed for process control applications by offering high accuracy conversion combined with high isolation voltage. Also prints the results to the serial monitor. Flow meters, pressure gauges, etc. 4. Figure 4. For analog input & output we are reading & writing values outside the process image e. Picture 4 – Adding an analog input module. It is that signal we can use in out PLC as an analog input. 16. g PIW 512 & PQW 512. Acquire and generate analog signals with devices from supported vendors. Self-powered devices use the power of the input signal itself to power the device. Analog Input Processing in S7-1200 and 1500. Though this is written for the Arduino microcontroller module, the principles apply to any microcontroller. Hardware Required. The Analog pins are A0 to A5. When troubleshooting sensor and input wiring, if Analog Input Analog Output Valve Analog I/O Module. Fans, lights, horns, valves. For a 3. In this way, both analog input tags can be created using the data type Nov 8, 2022 · 16 PWM output channels; 2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) 2 I2S interfaces; 10 Capacitive sensing GPIOs; The ADC (analog to digital converter) and DAC (digital to analog converter) features are assigned to specific static pins. An analog signal is a kind of signal that is continuously variable, as opposed to having a limited number of steps along its range (called digital). 2-wire Analog Input. They are actually the output channels to the built-in PWM module which can generate the analog output voltages. Analog inputs are used to read a range of values. – Apr 11, 2024 · Remote Input/Output Module Solutions. Word 4 con-figures the card. A comparison of the two voltage levels The output equation for the ADC is as follows: ADC Output = ( Analog input voltage / V REF ) x (2 n – 1). Outputs. When selecting analog I/O modules, it is important to consider the range and resolution of the input and output signals, as well as the accuracy and speed of the module. This is a remix of READING ANALOG DATA TO SERIAL COMMUNICATION by STEVE MICHAEL JOSHUA SAHAK. Analog and digital processing differ in two fundamental ways: How they handle time: Analog processing is continuous. However, this has a serious shortcoming in that it is difficult to distinguish between zero input and device failure because the device output is zero in both cases. While these signals may be limited to a range of maximum and minimum values, there are still an infinite number of possible values within that range. One must be able to perform analog outputs, and the other two must be able to take at least 8 analog inputs a piece. Digital input and output are the same. The simplest solution is to select an ADC input structure that matches the sensor output. The output voltage or current from a PLC to an actuator can be checked at the analog output terminals of the PLC. Also prints the results to the Serial Monitor. Digitization and agile automation trends require more data and insights delivered through greater instrumentation of equipment that can be connected more easily by remote I/O modules. Typically, it will output or input a range of voltages. This is a universal signal that could be related to temperature, pressure, or analytical measurements like pH or conductivity. Reads an analog input pin, maps the result to a range from 0 to 255. Conversely, every analog output module contains a DAC, or Digital-to-Analog Converter, a circuit to convert the PLC’s digital command words into analog electrical quantities. A well-known example of analog vs. For example, the analog voltage coming out of your wall socket might be clamped between -120V and +120V, but, as you increase the resolution more and more, you discover an infinite number of values that the signal can actually be (like 64. To use the analog output, connect an LED to one of the digital pins and set it as an OUTPUT in your program. Analog I/O, to put it simply, can take on a variety of values for its output or take on a range of values for its input. The device has functionality for analog output, analog input, digital input, digital output, and 2-wire, 3-wire, and 4-wire resistance temperature detector (RTD) measurements integrated into a single-chip solution with a compatible serial peripheral interface (SPI). There are ___ methods of entering analog input and output addresses into a PID instruction. The CN0554 features the AD7124-8, a 24-bit Σ-Δ ADC with configurable analog inputs. This manual describes the functions and programming of an analog input/output module. Nov 1, 2023 · An input/output device, often known as an IO device, is any hardware that allows a human operator or other systems to interface with a computer. A 2-wire uses the same two wires for signal and power with a shared ground. Connect a capacitor (crimped end positive) from the resistor to ground (green wire). Use the AnalogReadSerial example sketch to get the raw analog value currently on A0. So including Digital input & Analog input I can connect maximum 8192 byte and same for digital output & analog output 8192 byte. 0049 volts (4. Then use the `analogWrite ()` function with a value from 0-255, which is equal to a duty cycle percentage of 0-100%. The output of an analog output module is an analog signal that controls the device. Newer Smart TVs have HDMI ARC and USB ports. It measures input continuously, meaning that it's great for sensors or any application where you’re trying to get a value that may be changing. Its value is either full high or full low. digital is that of clocks: analog being the type with pointers that slowly rotate around a circular scale, and digital being the type with Mar 29, 2023 · These modules are used to control analog devices such as motors, valves, and heaters. Figure 309 shows a continuous voltage changing over time. Analog Inputs (ADC) Reading an analog value with the ESP32 means you can measure varying voltage levels between 0 V and 3. 0048 Volts. The function that you use to obtain the value of an analog signal is analogRead (pin). This is where it starts to get interesting. Apr 1, 2024 · The ADC in ESP8266 has a 10-bit resolution and is of Successive Approximation Register (SAR) type. In most cases a 24 volt DC supply powers the current output signal. Feb 24, 2020 · Arduino’s analog input and output pins are a crucial part of the platform, allowing you to read analog voltage levels from various sensors and devices. In industry today, the controller is part of a PLC or a DCS. The Arduino supports analog input as well. Dec 13, 2016 · Simultaneous analog input and output. Introduction. Oct 21, 2019 · The AD74413R is a quad-channel software configurable input/output solution for building and process control applications. Then divide the analog value by 4 to get it into a range from 0 to 255. Mar 9, 2017 · For digital? Yes. Some real-world examples of analog inputs in a industrial environment would include engine temperature sensors (RTDs, thermocouples, etc. This function converts the value of the voltage on an analog input pin and returns a digital value from 0 to 1023, relative to the reference value. yz pn le nx st ot jn iu jv fw